The advent of large-scale datasets that trace the workings of science has encouraged
researchers from many different disciplinary backgrounds to turn scientific methods into …

BACKGROUND The increasing availability of digital data on scholarly inputs and outputs—
from research funding, productivity, and collaboration to paper citations and scientist mobility …

We investigate the degree to which impact in science and technology is associated with
surprising breakthroughs, and how those breakthroughs arise. Identifying breakthroughs …

Setbacks are an integral part of a scientific career, yet little is known about their long-term
effects. Here we examine junior scientists applying for National Institutes of Health R01 …

Teamwork is one of the most prominent features in modern science. It is now well
understood that team size is an important factor that affects the creativity of the team …

Across a range of creative domains, individual careers are characterized by hot streaks,
which are bursts of high-impact works clustered together in close succession. Yet it remains …

Uncovering the structure of socioeconomic systems and timely estimation of socioeconomic
status are significant for economic development. The understanding of socioeconomic …