The honeybee Apis mellifera has emerged as a robust and influential model for the study of
classical conditioning, thanks to the existence of a powerful Pavlovian conditioning protocol …

With less than a million neurons, the western honeybee Apis mellifera is capable of complex
olfactory behaviors and provides an ideal model for investigating the neurophysiology of the …

The honeybee Apis mellifera has been a central insect model in the study of olfactory
perception and learning for more than a century, starting with pioneer work by Karl von …

Honeybees are models for studying how animals with relatively small brains accomplish
complex cognition, displaying seemingly advanced (or" non-elemental") learning …

In their natural environment, animals face complex and highly dynamic olfactory input. Thus
vertebrates as well as invertebrates require fast and reliable processing of olfactory …

Olfactory systems dynamically encode odor information in the nervous system. Insects
constitute a well-established model for the study of the neural processes underlying olfactory …

Octopamine plays an important role in many behaviors in invertebrates. It acts via binding to
G protein coupled receptors located on the plasma membrane of responsive cells. Several …

Neural coding of pheromones has been intensively studied in insects with a particular focus
on sex pheromones. These studies favored the view that pheromone compounds are …

The pathways for olfactory learning in the fruitfly Drosophila have been extensively
investigated, with mounting evidence that that the mushroom body is the site of the olfactory …

The search strategy for the memory trace and its semantics is exemplified for the case of
olfactory learning in the honeybee brain. The logic of associative learning is used to guide …