Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are the consequence of a breach in immune tolerance,
leading to the inability to sufficiently differentiate between self and non-self. Immune …

Severe infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 is
characterized by massive cytokine release and T cell loss. The exaggerated host immune …

During viral infections, significant numbers of T cells are activated in a T cell receptor-
independent and cytokine-dependent manner, a phenomenon referred to as “bystander …

During microbial infection, pre-existing memory CD8+ T cells that are not specific for the
infecting pathogens can be activated by cytokines without cognate antigens, termed …

T cells are the central mediators of both humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses.
Highly specific receptor-mediated clonal selection and expansion of T cells assure antigen …

The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (TF) Bhlhe40 is emerging as a key regulator of
immunity during infection, autoimmunity, and inflammatory conditions. We describe the roles …

Although it is well established that microbial infections predispose to autoimmune diseases,
the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. After infection, tissue-resident …

Autoimmune disease is known to be caused by unregulated self-antigen-specific T cells,
causing tissue damage. Although antigen specificity is an important mechanism of the …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) represent
two complex structures protecting the central nervous system (CNS) against potentially …

T helper (Th) 17 cells are considered to contribute to inflammatory mechanisms in diseases
such as multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the discussion persists regarding their true role in …