Immunological mechanisms have come into the focus of current translational stroke
research, and the modulation of neuroinflammatory pathways has been identified as a …

Stroke, the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide, is undergoing a change in
perspective with the emergence of new ideas on neurodegeneration. The concept that …

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved, nuclear protein present in all cell
types. It is a multi-facet protein exerting functions both inside and outside of cells …

Ischemic stroke generates an immune response that contributes to neuronal loss as well as
tissue repair. This is a complex process involving a range of cell types and effector …

High‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was initially recognized as a ubiquitous nuclear protein
involved in maintaining the nucleosome integrity and facilitating gene transcription. HMGB1 …

The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a non-specific multi-ligand
pattern recognition receptor capable of binding to a range of structurally diverse ligands …

Microglia are brain resident macrophages originated from primitive progenitor cells in the
yolk sac. Microglia can be activated within hours and recruited to the lesion site …

Complex genetic and physiological variations as well as environmental factors that drive
emergence of chromosomal instability, development of unscheduled cell death, skewed …

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common and severe cerebrovascular disease that has
high mortality. Few survivors achieve self-care. Currently, patients receive only symptomatic …

Our immune system is based on the close collaboration of the innate and adaptive immune
systems for the rapid detection of any threats to the host. Recognition of pathogen-derived …