This tutorial reviews the rapidly growing field of optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR)
spectroscopy and chemical imaging. O-PTIR is an infrared super-resolution measurement …

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ), composed of temporal fossa, mandibular condyle and a
fibrocartilage disc with upper and lower cavities, is the biggest synovial joint and …

Externally applied forces, such as those generated through skeletal muscle contraction, are
important to embryonic joint formation, and their loss can result in gross morphologic defects …

Understanding early patterning events in the extracellular matrix (ECM) formation can
provide a blueprint for regenerative strategies to better recapitulate the function of native …

Increasing evidence is emerging to link age-associated complex musculoskeletal diseases,
including osteoarthritis (OA), to developmental factors. Multiple studies have shown a …

Interzone/cavitation are key steps in early stage joint formation that have not been
successfully developed in vitro. Further, current models of endochondral ossification, an …

The early postnatal period represents a critical window for the maturation and development
of orthopedic tissues, including those within the knee joint. To understand how mechanical …

The skeletal musculature and the cartilage, bone and other connective tissues of the
skeleton are intimately co-ordinated. The shape, size and structure of each bone in the body …

The epigenome, including the methylation of cytosine bases at CG dinucleotides, is
intrinsically linked to transcriptional regulation. The tight regulation of gene expression …

Although the knee joint (KNJ) and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) all belong to the synovial
joint, there are many differences in developmental origin, joint structure and articular …