There have been two competing paradigms in artificial intelligence (AI) development ever
since its birth in 1956, ie, symbolism and connectionism (or sub-symbolism). While …

As basic research, it has also received increasing attention from people that the “curse of
dimensionality” will lead to increase the cost of data storage and computing; it also …

OpenAI has released the Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) and
revolutionized the approach in artificial intelligence to human-model interaction. The first …

Recommendation systems have witnessed significant advancements and have been widely
used over the past decades. However, most traditional recommendation methods are task …

The electrochemical biosensors are a class of biosensors which convert biological
information such as analyte concentration that is a biological recognition element …

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have significantly advanced the field of machine learning
(ML) by enabling the effective processing of sequential data. This paper provides a …

Humans' ability to transfer knowledge through teaching is one of the essential aspects for
human intelligence. A human teacher can track the knowledge of students to customize the …

Chemometrics play a critical role in biosensors-based detection, analysis, and diagnosis.
Nowadays, as a branch of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) have achieved …

Various forms of machine learning (ML) methods have historically played a valuable role in
environmental remote sensing research. With an increasing amount of “big data” from earth …

Study Design Item 5. Indicate if the study is retrospective or prospective. Evaluate predictive
models in a prospective setting, if possible. Item 6. Define the study's goal, such as model …