Synaptic plasticity, the activity-dependent change in neuronal connection strength, has long
been considered an important component of learning and memory. Computational and …

Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

Over the past 20 years, neuroscience research on reward-based learning has converged on
a canonical model, under which the neurotransmitter dopamine 'stamps in'associations …

Despite increasing evidence suggesting the cerebellum works in concert with the cortex and
basal ganglia, the nature of the reciprocal interactions between these three brain regions …

We review the psychology and neuroscience of reinforcement learning (RL), which has
experienced significant progress in the past two decades, enabled by the comprehensive …

Recent studies indicate that dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and
substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) convey distinct signals. To explore this difference, we …

Humans and animals are capable of evaluating actions by considering their long-run future
rewards through a process described using model-based reinforcement learning (RL) …

Midbrain dopamine neurons are well known for their strong responses to rewards and their
critical role in positive motivation. It has become increasingly clear, however, that dopamine …

Successful goal-directed behavior requires not only correct action selection, planning, and
execution but also the ability to flexibly adapt behavior when performance problems occur or …

Dual-system approaches to psychology explain the fundamental properties of human
judgment, decision making, and behavior across diverse domains. Yet, the appropriate …