The flowers of angiosperm plants present us with a staggering diversity of signal designs,
but how did this diversity evolve? Answering this question requires us to understand how …

The world in color presents a dazzling dimension of phenotypic variation. Biological interest
in this variation has burgeoned, due to both increased means for quantifying spectral …

Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks
and explores how such defensive mechanisms have evolved through natural selection. It …

Throughout their lives animals must complete many tasks, including finding food, avoiding
predators, attracting mates, and navigating through a complex and dynamic environment …

The news that a flowering weed—mousear cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)—can sense the
particular chewing noise of its most common caterpillar predator and adjust its chemical …

The majority of living plant species are pollinated by insects, and this interaction is thought to
have played a major role in driving the diversification of modern angiosperms. But while …

Fundamental concepts about the diversity and evolution of signals have been developed
mainly in the context of sexual selection. Here, we review the functional ecology of signals in …

Background and aims Colour is one of the main floral traits used by pollinators to locate
flowers. Although pollinators show innate colour preferences, the view that the colour of a …

Camouflage–adaptations that prevent detection and/or recognition–is a key example of
evolution by natural selection, making it a primary focus in evolutionary ecology and animal …

Animals, most notably insects, generally seem to accumulate electrostatic charge in nature.
These electrostatic charges will exert forces on other charges in these animals' …