Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a central cytokine in inflammatory reactions, and biologics
that neutralize TNF are among the most successful drugs for the treatment of chronic …

Abstract Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-23 (IL-23), which belong to the IL-12 family of
cytokines, have a key role in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation and are implicated in …

Importance Proactive therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), consisting of individualized
treatment based on scheduled assessments of serum drug levels, has been proposed as an …

The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still unclear. Immune dysfunction
may play a key role in the pathogenesis of IBD, in which the role of CD4+ T helper (Th) cells …

As a main digestive organ and an important immune organ, the intestine plays a vital role in
resisting the invasion of potential pathogens into the body. Intestinal immune dysfunction …

Importance Despite established genetic and pathophysiologic links between inflammatory
bowel disease (IBD) and Parkinson disease (PD), clinical data supporting this association …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammation of the
gastrointestinal tract with a highly heterogeneous presentation. It has a relapsing and …

Background & Aims Although biologics have revolutionized the treatment of Crohn's disease
(CD), an efficacy ceiling has been reached. Combining biologic therapies may improve …

Although the therapeutic efficacy and commercial success of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)
are tremendous, the design and discovery of new candidates remain a time and cost …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal
tract with a multifactorial pathophysiology. Full comprehension of IBD pathology is still out of …