Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the
mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate …

In a neural circuit, synapses transfer information rapidly between neurons and transform this
information during transfer. The diverse computational properties of synapses are shaped by …

Here we conducted a large-scale genetic association analysis of educational attainment in a
sample of approximately 1.1 million individuals and identify 1,271 independent genome …

Synapses are intercellular junctions specialized for fast, point-to-point information transfer
from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic cell. At a synapse, a presynaptic terminal …

Dendritic spines are small protrusions studding neuronal dendrites, first described in 1888
by Ramón y Cajal using his famous Golgi stainings. Around 50 years later the advance of …

Adult cortical areas consist of specialized cell types and circuits that support unique higher-
order cognitive functions. How this regional diversity develops from an initially uniform …

Since Cajal's first drawings of Golgi stained neurons, generations of researchers have been
fascinated by the small protrusions, termed spines, studding many neuronal dendrites. Most …

At each of the brain's vast number of synapses, the presynaptic nerve terminal, synaptic cleft,
and postsynaptic specialization form a transcellular unit to enable efficient transmission of …

Learning induces the formation of new excitatory synapses in the form of dendritic spines,
but their functional properties remain unknown. Here, using longitudinal in vivo two-photon …

Synaptic loss is the cardinal feature linking neuropathology to cognitive decline in
Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism of synaptic damage remains …