Obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease are risk factors for
chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney failure. Chronic, low-grade inflammation is …

Adipose, skeletal, and hepatic muscle tissues are the main endocrine organs that produce
adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines. These biomarkers can be harmful or beneficial to …

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is increasingly recognized as a complex metabolic
disorder that manifests in genetically susceptible women following a range of negative …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a typical chronic disease that can be divided into 2 types,
dependent on insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. Incidences of diabetic complications …

Adipose tissue is a highly dynamic endocrine tissue and constitutes a central node in the
interorgan crosstalk network through adipokines, which cause pleiotropic effects, including …

Insulin resistance (IR) is defined as a lower-than-expected response to insulin action from
target tissues, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes through the impairment of both …

Autophagy is essential in regulating the turnover of macromolecules via removing damaged
organelles, misfolded proteins in various tissues, including liver, skeletal muscles, and …

Glyphosate, an endocrine disruptor, has an adverse impact on human health through food
and also has the potential to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can lead to …

Critical illnesses, including sepsis, cancer cachexia, and burn injury, invoke a milieu of
systemic metabolic and inflammatory derangements that ultimately results in increased …

Sarcopenia is a multifactorial disease characterized by reduced muscle mass and function,
leading to disability, death, and other diseases. Recently, the prevalence of sarcopenia …