Most cancers arise in individuals over the age of 60. As the world population is living longer
and reaching older ages, cancer is becoming a substantial public health problem. It is …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules in cancer. The level of
ROS will determine physiological effects. While high levels of ROS can cause damage to …

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal cancer with a prominent extracellular
matrix (ECM) deposition and poor prognosis. High levels of ECM proteins derived from …

Awareness that the metabolic phenotype of cells within tumours is heterogeneous—and
distinct from that of their normal counterparts—is growing. In general, tumour cells …

Accumulating evidence indicates that intratumoral heterogeneity contributes to the
development of resistance to anticancer therapeutics. Fibroblasts, which are components of …

The respective antitumoral and protumoral roles of M1 and M2 tumor-associated
macrophages (TAM) typify the complexity of macrophage function in cancer. In lung cancer …

Background: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) activated by tumour cells are the
predominant type of stromal cells in breast cancer tissue. The reciprocal effect of CAFs on …

Cancer formation is a complex and highly regulated multi-step process which is highly
dependent of its environment, from the tissue to the patient. This complexity implies the …

abstract Glucose is a key metabolite used by cancer cells to generate ATP, maintain redox
state and create biomass. Glucose can be catabolized to lactate in the cytoplasm, which is …

Oncogene activation and tumor-suppressor gene inactivation are considered as the main
causes driving the transformation of normal somatic cells into malignant tumor cells. Cancer …