Wendelstein 7-AS was the first modular stellarator device to test some basic elements of
stellarator optimization: a reduced Shafranov shift and improved stability properties resulted …

This paper gives a review on the experiments with electron Bernstein waves (EBWs) in
fusion devices. The different methods of EBW generation are described and compared with …

Abstract Tokamak Energy Ltd, UK, is develo** spherical tokamaks using high temperature
superconductor magnets as a possible route to fusion power using relatively small devices …

It is generally accepted that the route to fusion power involves large devices of ITER scale or
larger. However, we show, contrary to expectations, that for steady state tokamaks operating …

The UK's Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP) reactor design program has
recently taken the decision to use exclusively microwave-based heating and current drive …

The superconducting stellarator device Wendelstein 7-X, currently under construction, is the
key device for the proof of stellarator optimization principles. To establish the optimized …

The design and optimization of radiofrequency-wave systems for fusion applications is often
performed using ray-tracing codes, which rely on the geometrical-optics (GO) approximation …

Burning plasma spherical tokamaks (STs) rely on off-axis current drive (CD) and
nonsolenoid start-up techniques. Electron Bernstein waves (EBWs) may provide efficient off …

The electron Bernstein wave (EBW) is typically the only wave in the electron cyclotron (EC)
range that can be applied in spherical tokamaks for heating and current drive (H&CD) …

The first successful high power heating of a high dielectric constant spherical tokamak
plasma by an electron Bernstein wave (EBW) is reported. An EBW was excited by mode …