Pulmonary hypertension is a progressive and often fatal cardiopulmonary condition
characterised by increased pulmonary arterial pressure, structural changes in the pulmonary …

Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease marked by dysregulation of the immune
system, tissue fibrosis and dysfunction of the vasculature. Vascular damage, remodeling and …

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by dysfunctional angiogenesis
leading to lung vessel obliteration. PAH is widely considered a proangiogenic disease; …

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a debilitating disease with a high mortality rate. A
hallmark of PAH is plexiform lesions (PLs), complex vascular formations originating from …

(1) Background: Scleroderma (Sc) is a rare connective tissue disease classified as an
autoimmune disorder. The pathogenesis of this disease is not fully understood.(2) Methods …

Background Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are characterized by immune-mediated tissue
damage, in which angiogenesis is a prominent pathogenic mechanism. Vascular …

Right ventricular (RV) function is the primary prognostic factor for both morbidity and
mortality in pulmonary hypertension (PH). RV hypertrophy is initially an adaptive …

Pulmonary hypertension (PH), increased blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, is a
morbid and lethal disease. PH is classified into several groups based on etiology, but …

The concept of a biomarker was defined as “a characteristic marker that is objectively
measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic …

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by vascular
damage, vasoinstability, and decreased perfusion with ischemia, inflammation, and …