Background Floral nectar is an important determinant of plant–pollinator interactions and an
integral component of pollination syndromes, suggesting it is under pollinator-mediated …

Plants attract mutualistic animals by offering a reward of nectar. Specifically, floral nectar
(FN) is produced to attract pollinators, whereas extrafloral nectar (EFN) mediates indirect …

Bees are herbivorous insects, consuming nectar and pollen throughout their life cycles. This
paper is a brief review of the chemistry of these two floral resources and the implications for …

Nectar properties tend to be similar for plants visited by the same kinds of pollinators, and
much of the available information on nectar chemistry has been collected in the context of …

Adverse climatic conditions at the time of flowering severely hinder crop yields and threaten
the interactions between plants and their pollinators. These features depend on a common …

Climate change alters the abiotic constraints faced by plants, including increasing
temperature and water stress. These changes may affect flower development and …

Current predictions suggest that in temperate zones climate change will increase the
frequency of extreme events such as summer droughts, leading to deficit in water availability …

It has been known for centuries that floral and extra-floral nectar secreted by plants attracts
and rewards animals. Extra-floral nectar is involved in so-called indirect defense by …

Climate change may disrupt plant–pollinator mutualisms by generating phenological
asynchronies and by altering traits that shape interaction costs and benefits. Our knowledge …

Microbial habitats that contain an excess of carbohydrate in the form of sugar are
widespread in the microbial biosphere. Depending on the type of sugar, prevailing water …