The present paper addresses driving mechanisms of global monsoon (GM) variability and
outstanding issues in GM science. This is the second synthesis of the PAGES GM Working …

Conflicting reconstructions of Holocene variability of the East Asian summer monsoon
(EASM) from speleothem versus other types of proxy records have yielded widely divergent …

Climate changes across the past 24,000 years provide key insights into Earth system
responses to external forcing. Climate model simulations, and proxy data,,,,–have …

The glacial-interglacial variability of precipitation and its driving mechanism in monsoonal
regions has long been a subject of debate. However, there are few records of quantitative …

Speleothem oxygen isotope records have revolutionized our understanding of the paleo
East Asian monsoon, yet there is fundamental disagreement on what they represent in terms …

The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) monsoon is critical to billions of people living in the
region. Yet, significant debates remain on primary ISM drivers on millennial-orbital …

The Asian summer monsoon (ASM) is a vast climate system, whose variability is critical to
the livelihoods of billions of people across the Asian continent. During the past half-century …

Monsoons are the dominant seasonal mode of climate variability in the tropics and are
critically important conveyors of atmospheric moisture and energy at a global scale …

Stalagmite is one kind of secondary carbonates formed in limestone caves (speleothem).
After cave water droplets containing Ca 2+ and HCO _3^-HCO 3− drip onto floor, carbonate …

Oxygen isotope speleothem records exhibit coherent variability over the pan-Asian summer
monsoon (AM) region. The hydroclimatic representation of these oxygen isotope records for …