In this Beyond the Cell review, we focus on five stages of the journey of insulin through the
body and the captivating cell biology that underlies its connections with each organ. We …

Obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MS) are two of the pressing healthcare problems of
our time. The MS is defined as increased abdominal obesity in concert with elevated fasting …

Obesity is increasingly prevalent and is associated with substantial cardiovascular risk.
Adipose tissue distribution and morphology play a key role in determining the degree of …

Our understanding of the role of the vascular endothelium has evolved over the past 2
decades, with the recognition that it is a dynamically regulated organ and that it plays a …

In obese patients with type 2 diabetes, insulin delivery to and insulin-dependent glucose
uptake by skeletal muscle are delayed and impaired. The mechanisms underlying the delay …

We have learned over the last several decades that the brain is an important target for
insulin action. Insulin in the central nervous system (CNS) affects feeding behavior and body …

Signaling pathways induced by the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha
(TNF-α) play a key role in the cellular responses to inflammation and injury. In the …

Obesity is a metabolic disorder of increasing prevalence worldwide and a risk factor for the
development of insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Obesity is …

An endothelial cell monolayer separates interstitia from blood and lymph, and determines
the bidirectional transfer of solutes and macromolecules across these biological spaces. We …

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is an established pro-atherosclerotic factor, but the
mechanism is not completely understood. We explored whether TNF-α could promote …