West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus responsible for mild fever to severe,
lethal neuroinvasive disease in humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species. Since its …

Co-infections are very common in nature and occur when hosts are infected by two or more
different pathogens either by simultaneous or secondary infections so that two or more …

Coinfections involving viruses are being recognized to influence the disease pattern that
occurs relative to that with single infection. Classically, we usually think of a clinical …

Viruses and intracellular bacterial pathogens (IBPs) have in common the need of suitable
host cells for efficient replication and proliferation during infection. In human infections, the …

The novel coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has traumatized the whole world with the …

Bacterial pathogens are one of the major threats to biosafety and environmental health, and
advanced assessment is a prerequisite to combating bacterial pathogens. Currently, 16S …

Microbial communities are spatially organized in both the environment and the human body.
Although patterns exhibited by these communities are described by microbial biogeography …

Schistosomiasis is the second most important human parasitic disease in terms of
socioeconomic impact, causing great morbidity and mortality, predominantly across the …

Most parasites co-occur with other parasites, although the importance of such
multiparasitism has only recently been recognised. Co-infections may result when hosts are …

The growing momentum of several common life-style diseases such as myocardial
infarction, cardiovascular disorders, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis has …