Living organisms have ingeniously evolved functional gradients and heterogeneities to
create high-performance biological materials from a fairly limited choice of elements and …

Hydrogels have been widely explored to adapt to different application circumstances. As
typical wet‐soft materials, the high‐water content of hydrogels is beneficial to their wide …

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is on the cusp of permitting the direct fabrication of
artificial living tissue. Multicellular building blocks (bioinks) are dispensed layer by layer and …

Hard biological materials—for example, seashells, bone or wood—fulfil critical structural
functions and display unique and attractive combinations of stiffness, strength and …

Eight structural elements in biological materials are identified as the most common amongst
a variety of animal taxa. These are proposed as a new paradigm in the field of biological …

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) emerge as a renewable and sustainable feedstock for future
biobased high-performance materials with environmentally friendly character. They allow for …

Biological materials are typically multifunctional but many have evolved to optimize a chief
mechanical function. These functions include impact or fracture resistance, armor and …

Collagen is the principal biopolymer in the extracellular matrix of both vertebrates and
invertebrates. It is produced in specialized cells (fibroblasts) and extracted into the body by a …

The understanding of the basic physical relationships between nano-scale structural
variables and the macroscale properties of polymer nanocomposites remains in its infancy …

Purpose: It is essential to have sufficient bone bulk and density at the implant site in order to
achieve good bone-to-implant contact and primary stability, which are crucial for …