The decline in the floating sea ice cover in the Arctic is one of the most striking
manifestations of climate change. In this review, we examine this ongoing loss of Arctic sea …

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress
achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The Earth climate system is out of energy balance, and heat has accumulated continuously
over the past decades, warming the ocean, the land, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere …

Large-scale changes in Arctic sea ice thickness, volume and multiyear sea ice (MYI)
coverage with available measurements from submarine sonars, satellite altimeters (ICESat …

Abstract The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) mission used laser altimetry
measurements to determine changes in elevations of glaciers and ice sheets, as well as sea …

Antarctic landfast sea ice (fast ice) is stationary sea ice that is attached to the coast,
grounded icebergs, ice shelves, or other protrusions on the continental shelf. Fast ice forms …

Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top of
the atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth energy imbalance (EEI) is the …

Abstract The Global Coupled 3 (GC3) configuration of the Met Office Unified Model is
presented. Among other applications, GC3 is the basis of the United Kingdom's submission …