Planar cell polarity (PCP) is an essential feature of animal tissues, whereby distinct polarity
is established within the plane of a cell sheet. Tissue-wide establishment of PCP is driven by …

Wnt signaling controls a variety of developmental and homeostatic events. As a key
component of Wnt signaling, Dishevelled (Dvl/Dsh) protein relays Wnt signals from receptors …

R-spondin proteins strongly potentiate Wnt signalling and function as stem-cell growth
factors. Despite the biological and therapeutic significance, the molecular mechanism of R …

Background Neural tube defects (NTDs) are debilitating birth defects involving the central
nervous system (CNS). Despite recent advances, NTDs represent the second most common …

Planar polarity describes the coordinated polarisation of cells or structures in the plane of a
tissue. The patterning mechanisms that underlie planar polarity are well characterised in …

Neural-tube closure is a critical step of embryogenesis, and its failure causes serious birth
defects. Coordination of two morphogenetic processes—convergent extension and neural …

Most, if not all, cell types and tissues display several aspects of polarization. In addition to
the ubiquitous epithelial cell polarity along the apical-basolateral axis, many epithelial …

Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling has central roles in development and diseases, and is
initiated by the action of the frizzled (Fz) receptor, its coreceptor LDL receptor-related protein …

Planar cell polarity (PCP) refers to the coordinated alignment of cell polarity across the
tissue plane. Key to the establishment of PCP is asymmetric partitioning of cortical PCP …

Secretory proteins are transported to the Golgi complex in vesicles that bud from the
endoplasmic reticulum. The cytoplasmic coat protein complex II (COPII) is responsible for …