Astrocytes are abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that perform diverse
functions in health and disease. Astrocyte dysfunction is found in numerous diseases …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a maladaptive and debilitating psychiatric disorder,
characterized by re-experiencing, avoidance, negative emotions and thoughts, and …

Neuronal ensembles that hold specific memory (memory engrams) have been identified in
the hippocampus, amygdala, or cortex. However, it has been hypothesized that engrams of …

Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radioactive tracers and enables the functional
imaging of several metabolic processes, blood flow measurements, regional chemical …

Anxiety is experienced in response to threats that are distal or uncertain, involving changes
in one's subjective state, autonomic responses, and behavior. Defensive and physiologic …

Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are commonly used gene delivery vehicles
for neuroscience research. They have two engineerable features: the capsid (outer protein …

Rats and mice are used for studying neuronal circuits underlying recognition memory due to
their ability to spontaneously remember the occurrence of an object, its place and an …

Pain is a multidimensional experience with sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational,
and cognitive-evaluative components. Pain aversiveness is one principal cause of suffering …

Stressful experiences, both physical and psychological, that are overwhelming (ie,
inescapable and unpredictable), can measurably affect subsequent neuronal properties and …

Astrocytes are morphologically complex, ubiquitous cells that are viewed as a
homogeneous population tiling the entire central nervous system (CNS). However, this view …