I. INTRODUCTION 1877 II. STUDYING THE... 1881 III. MICROBIOTA-GUT-BRAIN AXIS...
1907 IV. PATHWAYS OF COMMUNICATION 1911 V. MICROBIOTA AND SYNAPTIC... 1929 …

The microbiota plays a fundamental role on the induction, training, and function of the host
immune system. In return, the immune system has largely evolved as a means to maintain …

The intestinal microbiome is a signalling hub that integrates environmental inputs, such as
diet, with genetic and immune signals to affect the host's metabolism, immunity and …

The abundance of innate and adaptive immune cells that reside together with trillions of
beneficial commensal microorganisms in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract requires …

Host microbial cross-talk is essential to maintain intestinal homeostasis. However,
maladaptation of this response through microbial dysbiosis or defective host defense toward …

The gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to trillions of commensal microbes,
collectively termed the microbiota, which are environmental stimuli that can direct health and …

One explanation for the increased incidence of allergies, asthma, and even some
autoimmune diseases has been the hygiene hypothesis. However, recent studies also …

Nociceptive pain is a hallmark of many chronic inflammatory conditions including
inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs); however, whether pain-sensing neurons influence …

Background/Aims: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the major energy resources of
intestinal epithelial cells. It has been reported that SCFAs can repair the dysfunction of …

To date, there is rapidly increasing evidence for host–microbe interaction at virtually all
levels of complexity, ranging from direct cell‐to‐cell communication to extensive systemic …