Successful materials design for bone-tissue engineering requires an understanding of the
composition and structure of native bone tissue, as well as appropriate selection of …

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are desirable in a variety of applications. Due to a lack
of understanding of design and manufacturing methods, it remains a challenge to engineer …

Natural tissues and organs exhibit an array of spatial gradients, from the polarized neural
tube during embryonic development to the osteochondral interface present at articulating …

Gradient matters with hierarchical structures endow the natural world with excellent integrity
and diversity. Currently, direct ink writing 3D printing is attracting tremendous interest, and …

Objectives The polyester/hydroxyapatite (polyester/HA) composites play an important role in
bone tissue repairing, mostly because they mimic the composition and structure of naturally …

Objective Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) are promising for periodontal
regeneration. However, to date, there has been no report of hPDLSC differentiation into the …

The design of porous gradient scaffolds for bone tissue engineering scaffolds is a relatively
new approach. This strategy is based on imitating bone tissue in order to stimulate …

Scaffolds with gradients of physico-chemical properties and controlled 3D architectures are
crucial for engineering complex tissues. These can be produced using multi-material …

Additive manufacturing can develop regenerative scaffolds for wound healing. 3D printing
offers meticulous porosity, mechanical integrity, cell adhesion and cost-effectiveness …

Although extrusion-based three-dimensional (EB-3D) printing technique has been widely
used in the complex fabrication of bone tissue-engineered scaffolds, a natural bone-like …