The study of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is rapidly progressing in many aspects. Novel
BoNTs are being discovered owing to next generation sequencing, but their biologic and …

Botulinun neurotoxin (BoNT) has emerged as one of the most multipurpose therapeutic
agents in modern medicine with more clinical applications than any other drug currently on …

Objective: To update the 2008 American Academy of Neurology (AAN) guidelines regarding
botulinum neurotoxin for blepharospasm, cervical dystonia (CD), headache, and adult …

Background Cervical dystonia is managed mainly by repeated botulinum toxin injections.
We aimed to establish whether pallidal neurostimulation could improve symptoms in …

Essential tremor is a common movement disorder. Tremor severity and handicap vary
widely, but most patients with essential tremor do not receive a diagnosis and hence are …

Objectives: To provide a revised version of earlier guidelines published in 2006.
Background: Primary dystonias are chronic and often disabling conditions with a …

Dystonia is typically considered a movement disorder characterized by motor
manifestations, primarily involuntary muscle contractions causing twisting movements and …

The dystonias are a group of disorders characterized by excessive involuntary muscle
contractions leading to abnormal postures and/or repetitive movements. There are many …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) can be injected to achieve therapeutic benefit across a large
range of clinical conditions. To assess the efficacy and safety of BoNT injections for the …

Clinical practice in dystonia has greatly evolved in recent years; a synthetic review on
patient management is provided here. Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by …