An increasing number of studies investigate the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) or use
the vMMN as a tool to probe various aspects of human cognition. This paper reviews the …

In this article, we review clinical research using the mismatch negativity (MMN), a change-
detection response of the brain elicited even in the absence of attention or behavioural task …

In this review, we will present a model of brain events leading to conscious perception in
audition. This represents an updated version of Näätänen's previous model of automatic and …

Predictive coding theories posit that the perceptual system is structured as a hierarchically
organized set of generative models with increasingly general models at higher levels. The …

Predictive coding (PC) posits that the brain uses a generative model to infer the
environmental causes of its sensory data and uses precision-weighted prediction errors …

The visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) response is an event-related potential (ERP)
component, which is automatically elicited by events that violate predictions based on prior …

Facial emotions express our internal states and are fundamental in social interactions. Here
we explore whether the repetition of unattended facial emotions builds up a predictive …

Detecting brief changes of facial expression is vital for social communication. Yet, how
reliably, how fast these changes are detected and how long they are processed in the …

Since the discovery of an event-related brain potential (ERP) component, auditory mismatch
negativity (auditory MMN), there has been a long-lasting debate regarding the existence of …

The ability to extract sequential regularities embedded in the temporal context or temporal
structure of sensory events and to predict upcoming events based on the extracted …