A characteristic feature of the behavioural response to intensely acute or chronic stressors is
a reduction in appetite. In fish, as in other vertebrates, the corticotropin-releasing factor …

The maladaptive expression and function of several stress-associated hormones have been
implicated in pathological stress and anxiety-related disorders. Among these, recent …

It is known that, in rats, central and peripheral ghrelin increases food intake mainly through
activation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons. In contrast, intracerebroventricular (ICV) …

Bird migration is one of the most spectacular and best-studied phenomena in behavioural
biology. Yet, while the patterns of variation in migratory behaviour and its ecological causes …

The physiologic response to stress is highly dependent on the activation of corticotropin-
releasing hormone (CRH) neurons by various neurotransmitters. A particularly rich …

The adipose-derived hormone, leptin, was discovered over 10 years ago, but only now are
we unmasking its downstream pathways which lead to reduced energy intake (feeding) and …

Anxiety disorders represent the most common mental disturbances in the world, and they
are characterized by an abnormal response to stress. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating …

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and the proopiomelanocortin
(POMC)-derived peptide, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), exert anorexigenic …

Feeding is an essential behavior for animals to sustain their lives. Over the past several
decades, many neuropeptides that regulate feeding behavior have been identified in …

The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) coordinates major neuroendocrine and
behavioral mechanisms, particularly responses to homeostatic challenges. Parvocellular …