T‐cell activation is mediated by antigen‐specific signals from the TCRζ/CD3 and CD4–CD8–
p56lck complexes in combination with additional co‐signals provided by coreceptors such …

The adaptive immune response is initiated by the interaction of T cell antigen receptors with
major histocompatibility complex molecule-peptide complexes in the nanometer scale gap …

CD28 costimulation regulates a wide range of cellular processes, from proliferation and
survival to promoting the differentiation of specialized T-cell subsets. Since first being …

How membrane receptors initiate signal transduction upon ligand binding is a matter of
intense scrutiny. The T cell receptor complex (TCR-CD3) is composed of TCRα/β ligand …

The actin cytoskeleton seems to play two critical roles in the activation of T cells. One of
these roles is T cell shape development and movement, including formation of the …

Many studies have shown the central importance of the co-receptors CD28, inducible
costimulatory molecule (ICOS) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) in the …

Rho family GTPases, and the proteins that regulate them, have important roles in many
cellular processes, including cell division, survival, migration and adhesion. Although most …

Signal transduction events leading to the survival, differentiation, or apoptosis of cells of the
innate or adaptive immune system must be properly coordinated to ensure the normal …

The past several years have seen the beginning of a shift in the way that TCR signal
transduction is studied. Although many investigators continue to identify new molecules …

T cell activation is mediated by microclusters (MCs) containing T cell receptors (TCRs),
kinases, and adaptors. Although TCR MCs translocate to form a central supramolecular …