Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the
mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate …

Bipolar disorders are a complex group of severe and chronic disorders that includes bipolar
I disorder, defined by the presence of a syndromal, manic episode, and bipolar II disorder …

Objectives: To provide advice and guidance regarding the management of mood disorders,
derived from scientific evidence and supplemented by expert clinical consensus to formulate …

Ketamine, a racemic mixture of (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine enantiomers, has been used
as an anesthetic, analgesic and more recently, as an antidepressant. However, ketamine …

Background Ketamine appears to have a therapeutic role in certain mental disorders, most
notably depression. However, the comparative performance of different formulations of …

Bipolar disorders (BDs) are recurrent and sometimes chronic disorders of mood that affect
around 2% of the world's population and encompass a spectrum between severe elevated …

The discovery of robust antidepressant actions exerted by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
(NMDAR) antagonist (R, S)-ketamine has been a crucial breakthrough in mood disorder …

The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) previously published
treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder in 2005, along with international commentaries and …

Ketamine, a racemic mixture consisting of (S)-and (R)-ketamine, has been in clinical use
since 1970. Although best characterized for its dissociative anesthetic properties, ketamine …

Atrophy of neurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of
depression and related disorders. The ability to promote both structural and functional …