Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
(ADME) processes of a drug. Understanding PK properties is essential for drug development …

Phenoconversion is a phenomenon that converts genotypic extensive metabolizers (EM s)
into phenotypic poor metabolizers (PM s) of drugs, thereby modifying their clinical response …

Cytochrome P450 is a family of enzymes that catalyze reactions involved in the metabolism
of drugs and other xenobiotics. These enzymes are therefore important in pharmacologic …

Oral administration is the most commonly used route for drug treatment. Intestinal
cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism can eliminate a large proportion of some …

The cytochrome P450 mixed function oxidase enzymes play a major role in the metabolism
of important endogenous substrates as well as in the biotransformation of xenobiotics. The …

There has been rising interest in using model‐informed precision dosing to provide
personalized medicine to patients at the bedside. This methodology utilizes population …

Retinoic acid (RA) was identified as the biologically active form of vitamin A almost 70 years
ago and work on its function and mechanism of action is still of major interest both from a …

Interindividual variability in drug metabolism can significantly affect drug concentrations in
the body and subsequent drug response. Understanding an individual's drug metabolism …

Can mutations in Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), the major food-and drug-metabolizing
enzyme, serve as biomarkers for personalized precise medicine? Classical genetic studies …

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A enzymes are considerably expressed in the human intestine
and liver and involved in the biotransformation of about 10% of marketed drugs. Despite this …