The impact on human and horse health of West Nile fever (WNF) recently and dramatically
increased in Europe and neighboring countries. Involving several mosquito and wild bird …

Abstract Background Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) can have a significant negative impact
on human health. The urbanization of natural environments and their conversion for …

In birds, haemosporidian parasites have been found to have direct pathogenic effects on the
host with important consequences for their fitness. However, less is known about distribution …

Sex biases in prevalence of disease are often attributed to intrinsic factors, such as
physiological differences while a proximate role of extrinsic factors such as behavioural or …

Increases in vector-host contact rates can enhance arbovirus transmission intensity. We
investigated weekly fluctuations in contact rates between mosquitoes and nesting birds …

Background Malaria is a health problem not only in human and veterinary medicine, but also
in wildlife. Several theoretical studies have suggested that avian malaria transmission might …

Mosquito-borne diseases can have disastrous effects on avian populations; therefore, most
studies of bird and mosquito interactions have focused on the mortality and morbidity …

Sensitive indicators of spatial and temporal variation in vector-host contact rates are critical
to understanding the transmission and eventual prevention of arboviruses such as West Nile …

Climate characteristics are expected to play a decisive role in determining vectormediated
disease epidemiology (Mills et al. 2010). However, clear predictions on the responses of …