The optimal treatment for complex fractures and large bone defects is an important unsolved
issue in orthopedics and related specialties. Approximately 5–10% of fractures fail to heal …

Impaired bone healing occurs in 5–10% of cases following injury, leading to a significant
economic and clinical impact. While an inflammatory response upon injury is necessary to …

Macrophages are essential players in the process of fracture healing, acting by remodeling
of the extracellular matrix and enabling vascularization. Whilst activated macrophages of M1 …

The biodegradable polymer microparticles with different surface morphology and chemical
compositions may influence significantly the behaviors of cells, and thereby further the …

Osteonecrosis of the epiphyseal and metaphyseal regions of major weight-bearing bones of
the extremities is a condition that is associated with local death of bone cells and marrow in …

Background Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy has the potential for
immunomodulation and enhancement of tissue regeneration. Genetically modified MSCs …

Background Approximately one third of patients undergoing core decompression (CD) for
early-stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) experience progression of the …

In pathological bone conditions (eg, osteoporotic fractures or critical size bone defects),
increasing the pool of osteoblast progenitor cells is a promising therapeutic approach to …

Background Appropriately modulating inflammation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) may
prevent disabilities for the millions of those inflicted annually. In TBI, cellular mediators of …

Healing of fractures and bone defects normally follows an orderly series of events including
formation of a hematoma and an initial stage of inflammation, development of soft callus …