Cognitive effort has been implicated in numerous theories regarding normal and aberrant
behavior and the physiological response to engagement with demanding tasks. Yet, despite …

Abstract Background and Aims Despite decades of research on co‐occurring smoking and
depression, cessation rates remain consistently lower for depressed smokers than for …

It has long been assumed that people treat cognitive effort as costly, but also that such effort
costs may vary greatly across individuals. Individual differences in subjective effort could …

Cognitive theories of depression posit that people's thoughts, inferences, attitudes, and
interpretations, and the way in which they attend to and recall information, can increase their …

This second edition of the bestselling textbook Personality Traits is an essential text for
students doing courses in personality psychology and individual differences. The authors …

Of the many conceptual distinctions present in psychology today, the approach-avoidance
distinction stands out as one of, if not the, most fundamental and basic. The distinction …

The clinical signs grouped under the concept of apathy are a common feature of prefrontal
and basal ganglia lesions or dysfunctions and can therefore help to improve our …

Every year, about 30,000 people die by suicide in the US, and some 650,000 receive
emergency treatment after a suicide attempt. Often, those most at risk are the least able to …

Background: Major depression is a psychiatric disorder characterized neuropsychologically
by poor performance in tasks of memory, attention, processing speed, and executive …

Depression is the primary emotional condition for which help is sought. Depressed people
often report persistent rumination, which involves analysis, and complex social problems in …