Stress is a primary risk factor for several neuropsychiatric disorders. Evidence from
preclinical models and clinical studies of depression have revealed an array of structural …

Depression is a common, devastating illness. Current pharmacotherapies help many
patients, but high rates of a partial response or no response, and the delayed onset of the …

The hippocampus provided the gateway into much of what we have learned about stress
and brain structural and functional plasticity, and this initial focus has expanded to other …

Sex hormones have been implicated in neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, dendritic
branching, myelination and other important mechanisms of neural plasticity. Here we review …

Sex differences have been observed across many psychiatric diseases, especially mood
disorders. For major depression, the most prevalent psychiatric disorder, females show a …

A historical perspective on estradiol's enhancement of cognitive function is presented, and
research, primarily in animals, but also in humans, is reviewed. Data regarding the …

Background Chronic stress exposure causes neuronal atrophy and synaptic deficits in the
medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), contributing to development of anxiety-and depressive-like …

Chronic stress-induced emotional disorders like anxiety and depression involve imbalances
between the excitatory glutamatergic system and the inhibitory GABAergic system in the …

Women are more likely than men to suffer from psychiatric disorders with hyperarousal
symptoms, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression. In contrast …

Exposure to prolonged stress in critical developmental periods induces heightened
vulnerability to psychiatric disorders, which may have sex-specific consequences. Here we …