Early electoral research in the United States discovered the most important concept in the
study of political behavior: party identification. Party identification is a long-term, affective …

This book offers a novel perspective on British elections, focusing on the importance of
increasing electoral volatility in British elections, and the role of electoral shocks in the …

With the weakening of the structural determinants of politics in Western democracies, it is
commonly assumed that individual politicians and politicians as individuals have come to …

Abstract Using evidence from Great Britain, the United States, Belgium and Spain, it is
demonstrated in this article that in integrated and divided nations alike, citizens are more …

Scholars view polarization with trepidation. But polarization may clarify voters' choices and
generate stronger party attachments. The link between party polarization and mass …

Winners and losers of elections have different stakes in protecting democratic institutions.
We provide new evidence for the effects of partisanship and economic performance on …

Scholars disagree about the nature of party attachments, viewing partisanship as either a
social identity or a rational maximization of expected utility. Empirically, much of this debate …

Voters in many advanced democracies increasingly dislike their political opponents, a
phenomenon that is known as affective polarisation. The growing animosity between …

Although ideology is a central factor in models of voting choice, little is known about the
factors that explain the variation across elections in the strength of ideological voting. This …

Does ideological polarization undermine or strengthen people's principled support for
democracy? In this study, we suggest that different manifestations of ideological polarization …