The accurate and timely diagnosis of disease is a prerequisite for efficient therapeutic
intervention and epidemiological surveillance. Diagnostics based on the detection of nucleic …

Brain metastases are a very common manifestation of cancer that have historically been
approached as a single disease entity given the uniform association with poor clinical …

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal diseases, with an
average 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Unfortunately, the majority of patients have …

PURPOSE To provide guidance to clinicians regarding the use of systemic therapy for
melanoma. METHODS ASCO convened an Expert Panel and conducted a systematic …

The common mutation BRAFV600 in primary melanomas activates the mitogen-activated
protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway and the …

Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer. Melanoma is usually curable with surgery if
detected early, however, treatment options for patients with metastatic melanoma are limited …

The discovery of the role of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway in melanomagenesis and its
progression have opened a new era in the treatment of this tumor. Vemurafenib was the first …

Vascular epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), as an important tyrosine
transmembrane protein, plays an important role in regulating endothelial cell proliferation …

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) encompasses diverse epithelial tumors historically associated
with poor outcomes due to an aggressive disease course, late diagnosis, and limited benefit …

Background: Melanoma is highly immunogenic and therefore suitable for immunotherapy,
but the efficacy is limited by response rate. In several types of tumor, tumor mutation burden …