Protein kinases are major players in various signal transduction pathways. Understanding
the molecular mechanisms behind plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses has …

Temperature is a key factor governing the growth and development, distribution, and
seasonal behavior of plants. The entire plant life cycle is affected by environmental …

The transforming growth factor (TGF) beta superfamily of secreted factors is comprised of
over 30 members including Activins, Nodals, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), and …

Transdifferentiation of epithelial cells into cells with mesenchymal properties and
appearance, that is, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), is essential during …

Cold acclimation is a crucial strategy for plant survival at freezing temperatures. C-REPEAT
BINDING FACTOR (CBF) genes are rapidly and transiently induced by low temperature and …

The BMP and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways cooperatively regulate osteoblast
differentiation and bone formation. Although BMP signaling regulates gene expression of …

Wnt signaling affects both bone modeling, which occurs during development, and bone
remodeling, which is a lifelong process involving tissue renewal. Wnt signals are especially …

Canonical Wnt signaling is thought to regulate cell behavior mainly by inducing β-catenin-
dependent transcription of target genes. In proliferating cells Wnt signaling peaks in the …

Wnt/LRP6 signaling is best known for the β-catenin-dependent regulation of target genes.
However, pathway branches have recently emerged, including Wnt/STOP signaling, which …

TGF-β family ligands function in inducing and patterning many tissues of the early vertebrate
embryonic body plan. Nodal signaling is essential for the specification of mesendodermal …