Abstract The new Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2.0 (MRI-
ESM2. 0) has been developed based on previous models, MRI-CGCM3 and MRI-ESM1 …

We review current observational and theoretical knowledge of the stratospheric aerosols.
These particles, which are composed primarily of sulfuric acid and other sulfates, are …

Abstract Knowledge of the scattering enhancement factor, f (RH), is important for an accurate
description of direct aerosol radiative forcing. This factor is defined as the ratio between the …

The Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4) is an offline
global chemical transport model particularly suited for studies of the troposphere. The …

The optical properties of airborne mineral dust depend on its mineralogy, size distribution,
and shape, and they might vary between different source regions. To date, large differences …

Small highly absorbing particles, present in concentrations of only 1 part per million by
weight (ppmw) or less, can lower snow albedo in the visible by 5–15% from the high values …

The latest Hadley Centre climate model, HadGEM2‐ES, includes Earth system components
such as interactive chemistry and eight species of tropospheric aerosols. It has been run for …

Calculations of the effects of both natural and anthropogenic tropospheric sulfate aerosols
indicate that the aerosol climate forcing is sufficiently large in a number of regions of the …

The global distribution of carbonaceous aerosols is simulated online in the Goddard Institute
for Space Studies General Circulation Model II‐prime (GISS GCM II‐prime). Prognostic …

Reported values for the absorption cross section of particulate carbon per unit mass range
from under 4 to over 20 m2/g, and the intermediate value of 10 m2/g is used by many as a …