Resources such as fertile soil and clean water are already limited in many parts of the world.
Additionally, the conventional use of arable land is becoming increasingly difficult, which is …

As the world's population is increasing exponentially, human diets have changed to less
healthy foods resulting in detrimental health complications. Increasing vegetable intake by …

Specialized metabolites from plants are important for human health due to their antioxidant
properties. Light is one of the main factors modulating the biosynthesis of specialized …

Mass balance principles are a cornerstone of efficient fertilizer use and can be utilized to
optimize plant nutrition without discarding or leaching solution. Here, we describe the …

This article identifies the potential environmental effects large-scale indoor farming may
have on air, water, and soil. We begin with an overview of what indoor farming is with a …

Lettuce is one of the most important crops of plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs)
due to their small size, fast growth rate, low energy demand and high marketing value. High …

Vertical farming is a relatively new fresh fruit and vegetable production system, where lamps
(mostly light emitting diodes [LED]) are the sole light source. A high light use efficiency …

Light is one of the most important ingredients for healthy plant growth. It is also responsible
for triggering a number of plant physiological responses. For centuries, humans have relied …

The COVID-19 pandemic is causing many victims worldwide and has generated a serious
economic crisis. Substantial changes have occurred in the food and ornamental production …

The indoor cultivation of lettuce in a vertical hydroponic system (VHS) under artificial lighting
is an energy-intensive process incurring a high energy cost. This study determines the …