Safe anytime-valid inference (SAVI) provides measures of statistical evidence and certainty—
e-processes for testing and confidence sequences for estimation—that remain valid at all …

We derive confidence intervals (CIs) and confidence sequences (CSs) for the classical
problem of estimating a bounded mean. Our approach generalizes and improves on the …

Vladimir Vovk Alexander Gammerman Glenn Shafer Second Edition Page 1 Vladimir Vovk
Alexander Gammerman Glenn Shafer Algorithmic Learning in a Random World Second …

We develop a representation of a decision maker's uncertainty based on e-variables. Like
the Bayesian posterior, this e-posterior allows for making predictions against arbitrary loss …

E-values have gained attention as potential alternatives to p-values as measures of
uncertainty, significance and evidence. In brief, e-values are realized by random variables …

Confidence sequences, anytime p-values (called p-processes in this paper), and e-
processes all enable sequential inference for composite and nonparametric classes of …

We present a new theory of hypothesis testing. The main concept is the s-value, a notion of
evidence which, unlike p-values, allows for effortlessly combining evidence from several …

This book is written to offer a humble, but unified, treatment of e-values in hypothesis testing.
The book is organized into three parts: Fundamental Concepts, Core Ideas, and Advanced …

We present a novel approach for test-time adaptation via online self-training, consisting of
two components. First, we introduce a statistical framework that detects distribution shifts in …

Land-use land-cover (LULC) change is one of the most important anthropogenic threats to
biodiversity and ecosystems integrity. As a result, the systematic generation of annual …