The advent of immunotherapy has revolutionized the treating modalities of cancer. Cancer
vaccine, aiming to harness the host immune system to induce a tumor‐specific killing effect …

Highlights•Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can modulate tumour microenvironment (TME) towards
less immunosuppressive phenotype and induce anti-cancer immunity.•OVs can be used as …

Since the discovery in 1796 by Edward Jenner of vaccinia virus as a way to prevent and
finally eradicate smallpox, the concept of using a virus to fight another virus has evolved into …

Virus-based cancer vaccines are nowadays considered an interesting approach in the field
of cancer immunotherapy, despite the observation that the majority of the immune responses …

Over the last 60 years an eclectic collection of microbes has been tested in a variety of pre-
clinical models as anti-cancer agents. At the forefront of this research are a number of virus …

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can selectively kill tumor cells without affecting normal cells, as well
as activate the innate and adaptive immune systems in patients. Thus, they have been …

Antiviral immune responses present a major hurdle to the efficacious use of oncolytic
adenoviruses as cancer treatments. Despite the existence of a highly immunosuppressive …

Simple Summary Here, we review the current state of knowledge in the field of cancer
immunotherapy, focusing on the scientific rationale for the use of oncolytic viruses …

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a highly promising treatment strategy for a wide range of
cancers, by mediating both the direct killing of tumor cells as well as mobilization of …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), are naturally occurring cargo delivery tools with the potential to
be used as drug vehicles of single agents or combination therapies. We previously …