Global climate change is predicted to result in increased yield losses of agricultural crops
caused by environmental conditions. In particular, heat and drought stress are major factors …

Abiotic stresses and soil nutrient limitations are major environmental conditions that reduce
plant growth, productivity and quality. Plants have evolved mechanisms to perceive these …

Protein kinases are major players in various signal transduction pathways. Understanding
the molecular mechanisms behind plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses has …

Key message Extensive crosstalk exists among ABA and different phytohormones that
modulate plant tolerance against different abiotic stress. Being sessile, plants are exposed …

Flavonoids are a special category of hydroxylated phenolic compounds having an aromatic
ring structure. Quercetin is aspecial subclass of flavonoid. It is a bioactive natural compound …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules essential for plant responses to
abiotic and biotic stimuli as well as for multiple developmental processes. They are …

Stomata, the pores formed by a pair of guard cells, are the main gateways for water
transpiration and photosynthetic CO2 exchange, as well as pathogen invasion in land …

As sessile organisms, plants must cope with abiotic stress such as soil salinity, drought, and
extreme temperatures. Core stress-signaling pathways involve protein kinases related to the …

Background and aims Abiotic stresses lead to drastic changes in functional and
physiological anatomy in plants such as generation of reactive oxygen species, loss of …

Abiotic stress is a primary threat to fulfill the demand of agricultural production to feed the
world in coming decades. Plants reduce growth and development process during stress …