Zinc is a ubiquitous biological metal in all living organisms. The spatiotemporal zinc
dynamics in cells provide crucial cellular signaling opportunities, but also challenges for …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a hotspot for many essential cellular functions. The ER
membrane is highly dynamic, which affects many cellular processes that take place within …

Insulin synthesis in pancreatic β‐cells is initiated as preproinsulin. Prevailing glucose
concentrations, which oscillate pre‐and postprandially, exert major dynamic variation in …

Many biological processes are regulated through the selective dephosphorylation of
proteins. Protein serine-threonine phosphatases are assembled from catalytic subunits …

The progression from insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes is caused by the failure of
pancreatic β cells to produce sufficient levels of insulin to meet the metabolic demand …

Insulin plays a central role in the regulation of human metabolism. The hormone is a 51-
residue anabolic protein that is secreted by the β-cells in the Islets of Langerhans …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the entry site into the secretory pathway for newly
synthesized proteins destined for the cell surface or released into the extracellular milieu …

Rates of fructose consumption continue to rise nationwide and have been linked to rising
rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Because obesity has been …

Biosynthesis of insulin–critical to metabolic homeostasis–begins with folding of the
proinsulin precursor, including formation of three evolutionarily conserved intramolecular …

OBJECTIVE—Insulin gene (INS) mutations have recently been described as a cause of
permanent neonatal diabetes (PND). We aimed to determine the prevalence, genetics, and …