Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) was first identified in the early 1970s as a
placental protein of unknown function, present at high concentrations in the circulation of …

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) is a modulator of the IGF system,
exerting both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on IGF-induced cellular growth. IGFBP-4 is …

The zinc metalloproteinase, PAPP-A, enhances local insulin-like growth factor (IGF) action
through cleavage of inhibitory IGF-binding proteins, thereby increasing IGF available for IGF …

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a crucial signaling mechanism that plays a role in
epithelial carcinogenesis. Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) control various cellular processes …

IGF-I was originally discovered as a GH-dependent growth factor stimulating longitudinal
growth. Currently, however, it has become evident that the biological activities of IGF-I …

Pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) is a proteolytic enzyme that was
discovered to increase local insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) availability for receptor activation …

Insulin and IGFs play an important role in cancer initiation and progression, including
ovarian cancer (OC). Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most frequent type of OC in …

Context Members of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system are primarily produced in the
liver and secreted into the circulation, but they are also produced, recruited, and activated …

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPPA) is a protease that plays important roles in
pregnancy, but interestingly acts as an oncogene outside of pregnancy. This review …

Aims Serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) is low in persons with type
2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and possibly regulated by metformin. Counter-intuitively, high …