Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are complicated metabolic diseases that affect multiple
organs and are characterized by hyperglycaemia. Currently, stable and effective treatments …

Irisin is a myokine that leads to increased energy expenditure by stimulating the'browning'of
white adipose tissue. In the first description of this hormone, increased levels of circulating …

Multicellular organisms are composed of diverse cell types that must coordinate their
behaviors through communication. Cell–cell communication (CCC) is essential for growth …

Oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis play critical roles in doxorubicin (DOX)-
induced cardiotoxicity. Previous studies indicated that fibronectin type III domain-containing …

Traditionally, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), a 91 kDa
transcription factor, regulates lipid metabolism and long-chain fatty acid oxidation by …

Plasma free fatty acids levels are increased in subjects with obesity and type 2 diabetes,
playing detrimental roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular …

Anthocyanins are a subclass of flavonoids responsible for color in some fruits and
vegetables with potent antioxidative capacity. During digestion, a larger proportion of dietary …

Glucose and fatty acids are the major sources of energy for human body. Cholesterol, the
most abundant sterol in mammals, is a key component of cell membranes although it does …

Exercise has beneficial effects in ameliorating metabolic disorders, and a combined
therapeutic regimen of regular exercise and pharmaceutical treatment is often …

Introduction Irisin is a myokine/adipokine induced by the exercise in mice and humans,
which is proposed to induce “browning” of white adipose tissue, its primary target, thus …