In spite of the considerable achievements in the field of regenerative medicine in the past
several decades, osteochondral defect regeneration remains a challenging issue among …

Hydrogels are one of the most commonly explored classes of biomaterials. Their chemical
and structural versatility has enabled their use across a wide range of applications, including …

The inappropriate regenerated fibrous cartilage and subchondral bone of the injured
chondral defect ultimately cause degeneration of the regenerated cartilage, which …

Recapitulation of complex tissues signifies a remarkable challenge and, to date, only a few
approaches have emerged that can efficiently reconstruct necessary gradients in 3D …

The osteochondral defect repair has been most extensively studied due to the rising
demand for new therapies to diseases such as osteoarthritis. Tissue engineering has been …

The repair of hierarchical osteochondral defect requires sophisticated gradient
reestablishment; however, few strategies for continuous gradient casting consider the …

Natural tissues and organs exhibit an array of spatial gradients, from the polarized neural
tube during embryonic development to the osteochondral interface present at articulating …

Smart sensing and excellent actuation abilities of natural organisms have driven scientists to
develop bionic soft-bodied robots. However, most conventional robots suffer from poor …

Gradient scaffolds are isotropic/anisotropic three-dimensional structures with gradual
transitions in geometry, density, porosity, stiffness, etc., that mimic the biological extracellular …

Although gradients play an essential role in guiding the function of tissues, achieving
synchronous regeneration of gradient tissue injuries remains a challenge. Here, a gradient …