Irregular bone defects, characterized by unpredictable size, shape, and depth, pose a major
challenge to clinical treatment. Although various bone grafts are available, none can fully …

In the repair of large bone defects, loss of the periosteum can result in diminished
osteoinductive activity, nonunion, and incomplete regeneration of the bone structure …

Significance of endogenous mineralization in bone reconstruction is paramount, as it
facilitates the accumulation of calcium ions for bone tissue deposition. However …

Osteoporotic bone defects (OBDs) pose significant clinical challenges due to impaired tissue
regeneration and osteogenic differentiation. Conventional combination therapies using …

Background: Periosteum plays an important role in bone defect repair due to its rich vascular
network and cells. However, natural periosteum is difficult to meet clinical requirements due …