Many plant-associated microbes are pathogens that impair plant growth and reproduction.
Plants respond to infection using a two-branched innate immune system. The first branch …

The evolution of the plant immune response has culminated in a highly effective defense
system that is able to resist potential attack by microbial pathogens. The primary immune …

Pathogenicity of most Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria depends on the type III
secretion (T3S) system, which translocates bacterial effector proteins into plant cells. Type III …

Abstract The Guard Model for disease resistance postulates that plant resistance proteins
act by monitoring (guarding) the target of their corresponding pathogen effector. We posit …

Plant-associated organisms secrete proteins and other molecules to modulate plant defense
circuitry and enable colonization of plant tissue. Understanding the molecular function of …

The plant basal immune system can detect broadly present m icrobe-a ssociated m olecular
p atterns (MAMPs, also called PAMPs) and induce defenses, but adapted microbes express …

The oxidative burst is an early response to pathogen attack leading to the production of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide. Two major mechanisms …

Pathogenicity of Pseudomonas syringae is dependent on a type III secretion system, which
secretes a suite of virulence effector proteins into the host cytoplasm, and the production of a …

Successful pathogens have evolved strategies to interfere with host immune systems. For
example, the ubiquitous plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae injects two sequence …

Recent research on plant responses to bacterial attack has identified extracellular and
intracellular host receptors that recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular …