Fear extinction is a phenomenon that involves a gradual reduction in conditioned fear
responses through repeated exposure to fear-inducing cues. Functional brain connectivity …

In this article, we provide a fresh perspective on the developmental origins of neuroticism—a
dimension of temperament marked by elevated stress reactivity resulting in the frequent …

Depression, a severe psychiatric disorder, has been studied for decades, but the underlying
mechanisms still remain largely unknown. Depression is closely associated with alterations …

The normal stress response in humans is governed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
(HPA) axis through heightened mechanisms during stress, raising blood levels of the …

The hippocampus has been implicated in modulating anxiety. It interacts with a variety of
brain regions, both cortical and subcortical areas regulating emotion and stress responses …

Environmental challenges are part of daily life for any individual. In fact, stress appears to be
increasingly present in our modern, and demanding, industrialized society. Virtually every …

Frailty is a condition characterised by loss of biological reserves, failure of homoeostatic
mechanisms, and vulnerability to adverse outcomes. The endocrine system is considered …

During the past century, treatments for the diseases of youth and middle age have helped
raise life expectancy significantly. However, cognitive decline has emerged as one of the …

This paper provides a concise but comprehensive review of research on religion/spirituality
(R/S) and both mental health and physical health. It is based on a systematic review of …

The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation to stress because it perceives and
determines what is threatening, as well as the behavioral and physiological responses to the …