Plant diseases and pests are risk factors that threaten global food security. Excessive
chemical pesticide applications are commonly used to reduce the effects of plant diseases …

This review gives concise information on green technology (GT) and Industrial Revolution
4.0 (IR 4.0). Climate change has begun showing its impacts on the environment, and the …

Reducing pesticide use has become a goal shared by several European countries and a
major issue in public policies due to the negative impacts of pesticides on the environment …

Sustainable agriculture aims to meet the food needs of the growing world population while
ensuring minimal impact on the environment and humans as well as productivity. Although …

Microbial biological control agents (MBCAs) are applied to crops for biological control of
plant pathogens where they act via a range of modes of action. Some MBCAs interact with …

Virtually all examined plant species harbour fungal endophytes which asymptomatically
infect or colonize living plant tissues, including leaves, branches, stems and roots …

Insecticide resistance has been and continues to be a significant problem for invertebrate
pest control. As such, effective insecticide resistance management (IRM) is critical to …

Numerous harmful microorganisms and insect pests have the ability to cause plant
infections or damage, which is mostly controlled by toxic chemical agents. These chemical …

Biological biocides have the potential to reduce plant biotic stresses and boost
development, but they tend to be unstable and degrade quickly. BCAs inhibit plant diseases …

In current plant disease control, the divergence from chemical pesticide use has been fueled
by the public concern about toxicity and environmental impact of these products, the …